A.
Understanding Clause
In general, a clause is
a collection of words that contain the subject and verb. Don't compare Phrases
and Clauses. They are similar but have different structures and functions. The
clause itself is divided into 2 parts, namely:
1. Independent Clause
2. Dependent Clause
(Subordinate Clause)
Clause
Function
The clause has an
important role in the composition of English grammar. Without a clause, we
cannot make a sentence that has meaning. The clause also serves to provide
additional information or descriptions on a sentence. That way, the clause can
make the composition of a sentence more diverse and complex. Now we will study
the two types of clause that we have mentioned.
1. Independent Clause
Independent clause
consists of subject and verb. The Independent clause is a clause that can stand
alone. So, the independent clause can be called a sentence that has been
captured without the need for another clause.
Here are some examples
of independent clauses:
Independent
Clause
|
Arti
|
The baby crawls.
|
Bayinya merangkak.
|
The ball rolls.
|
Bolanya terguling.
|
We prayed.
|
Kita berdoa.
|
The team won.
|
Timnya menang.
|
Their oven broke.
|
Oven mereka rusak.
|
The audience clapped.
|
Para penonton bertepuk tangan.
|
The clowns fell.
|
Badut-badutnya jatuh.
|
He begged.
|
Dia memohon
|
Our cat played.
|
Kucing kami telah bermain.
|
She listened.
|
Dia mendengarkan.
|
2. Dependent Clause
Dependent clause is a
clause that cannot stand alone. He needs an independent clause so that the
sentence can be understood. The Dependent clause can be started with a number
of conjunction subordinates in the table below:
The following are
examples of dependent clause sentences and their meanings. The subordinating
Conjunction used has been skewed:
Adjective
Clause
|
Arti
|
The flowers which you gave me
smelled wonderful.
|
Bunga yang kau berikan padaku
harum.
|
The bus stops at the street where
I walk home.
|
Busnya berhenti di jalan di mana
aku pulang dengan berjalan kaki.
|
You lent me the book that
changed my life.
|
Kau telah meminjamkan buku yang
telah merubah hidupku.
|
Ms. Berry who was sick now
lives with her family.
|
Nyonya Berry yang dulu sakit
sekarang tinggal dengan keluarganya.
|
They found the person whom
donated a lot of money to the charity.
|
Mereka telah menemuan orang yang
telah mendonasikan banyak uang ke tempat amal.
|
3. Adverb Clause
Dependent clause that
functions as adverb in a sentence is called adverb clause. The adverb clause
has the same function as adverb which is describing verb, adjective or adverb
in another sentence. He can provide additional information about the frequency
(how often), cause and effect, comparison or condition. Some prefixes for
adverb clause that can be used are unless, while, since, although, provided
that, since, after and as soon as.
Let's use some adverb
clause in the sentence:
Adverb
Clause
|
Arti
|
Unless
you pay your debt, it will be hard to sleep.
|
Kecuali kau membayar hutangmu, kau
akan sulit untuk tidur.
|
The police check the car while
I look for my ID.
|
Polisi memeriksa mobilnya
sedangkan aku mencari kartu identitasku.
|
The city is flooded since it
has rained for days.
|
Kotanya banjir sejak hujan terus
berhari-hari.
|
Although
I am not sick, I still take my vitamins.
|
Walaupun aku tidak sakit, aku
tetap minum vitaminku.
|
We can travel abroad provided
that we work hard for the money.
|
Kita bisa pergi ke luar negeri
asalkan kita kerja keras untuk mengumpulkan uangnya.
|
B.
Understanding Sentence
A sentence is one
important part of grammar too. Sentence must consist of one independent clause
that can be added to the other clause. So one sentence can have more than one
clause. In addition to having several caluse in it, a sentence also has a
subject and predicate.
Sentence
Function
Then what sentence
function? Sentence helps us to compose words with good and correct English
grammar. Sentence also plays an important role when we want to write a written
work. If we can make sentences with correct grammar, we can make essays, short
stories and writings on blogs in English.
Interesting right?
Immediately, we discuss 4 types of sentences in English, namely:
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex
Sentence
By studying the four
types of sentences in English, we can make more varied and non-monotone
sentences. What we have learned about the previous clause will be applied to
the next discussion.
1. Simple Sentence
Simple sentence is the
most basic sentence in English. He only has one independent clause. Simple
sentence is called simple because the sentence pattern is not complicated. Here
are some examples of sentences:
1. My name is Martha
(My name is Martha).
2. My brother kicked
the door (My brother kicked the door).
3. It is snowing (It's
snowing again).
4. We like our
neighbors (We like our neighbors).
2. Compound Sentence
Compound sentence is
made of two independent clauses that are interconnected by using conjunction
and comma punctuation. Conjunction functions to connect words in English. Some
conjunctions that can be used are:
Conjunctions
|
Arti
|
For
|
Karena
|
And
|
Dan
|
Nor
|
Maupun
|
But
|
Tapi
|
Or
|
Atau
|
Yet
|
Namun
|
So
|
Jadi/Agar
|
Consider the examples
of the sentence below that use conjunctions. It can be seen that the
conjunction has functioned as a connecting 2 independent clauses:
Adjective
Clause
|
Arti
|
The flowers which you gave me
smelled wonderful.
|
Bunga yang kau berikan padaku
harum.
|
The bus stops at the street where
I walk home.
|
Busnya berhenti di jalan di mana
aku pulang dengan berjalan kaki.
|
You lent me the book that
changed my life.
|
Kau telah meminjamkan buku yang
telah merubah hidupku.
|
Ms. Berry who was sick now
lives with her family.
|
Nyonya Berry yang dulu sakit
sekarang tinggal dengan keluarganya.
|
They found the person whom
donated a lot of money to the charity.
|
Mereka telah menemuan orang yang
telah mendonasikan banyak uang ke tempat amal.
|
3. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence
consists of one independent clause and one or two dependent clauses. We can put
the independent clause or dependent clause at the beginning of the sentence.
The dependent clause can begin with the conjunction that we discussed earlier.
Here are some examples
of dependent clauses with conjunction:
Complex
Sentences
|
Arti
Complex Sentences
|
The children will keep playing
video games until we arrive.
|
Anak-anak tetap akan bermain game
sampai kami datang.
|
Since
they left the school, they
have not returned home.
|
Sejak mereka meninggalkan sekolah,
mereka belum pulang.
|
The students turn in their
homeworks before the teacher’s meeting.
|
Para siswa menyerahkan PR mereka
sebelum rapat guru.
|
Though I
understand your condition, you
are still responsible for the accident.
|
Walaupun aku memahami kondisimu,
kamu tetap bertanggung jawab atas kecelakaannya.
|
4. Compound-Complex
Sentence
Compound-complex
sentence consists of at least 2 independent clauses and is followed by one or
more dependent clauses. This type of sentence is longer than the other types of
sentences so it is very important to give correct punctuation.
Here are some examples
of sentences. The 2 independent clauses in each sentence have been recited:
Compound-Complex
Sentence
|
|
I forgot
to buy a present, so I ordered from a website
when I got home.
|
Aku lupa membeli kado jadi aku
pesan dari situs web ketika aku sudah di rumah.
|
The
party is over, even though there are still
people waiting for taxis.
|
Pestanya telah selesai walaupun
masih ada orang-orang menunggu taksi.
|
I like
watching movies, although some are bad but I
still watch them anyway.
|
Aku suka menonton film, walaupun
beberapa film jelek tapi aku tetap saja menontonnya.
|
*EXAMPLE ARTICLE OF CLAUSE AND
SENTENCE
(Note:
For bold writing is a clause, and for
writings underlined are sentences.)
Kartini Day: A Symbol of Modern
Women Empowerment in Indonesia
Every 21 April,
Indonesians commemorate Hari Kartini (Kartini’s Day). A day to celebrate
Indonesian hero of women empowerment – Raden Ajeng Kartini, or more popular
with Ibu Kartini. This is akin to International Women’s Day and the focus is
the issue of women empowerment.
Raden
Ajeng Kartini, or more popular with Ibu Kartini.
This is akin to International Women’s Day and the focus is the issue of women
empowerment. All across Indonesia, female students and teachers in schools
dress in Kebaya, while the male students dress in Batik. Various competitions
such as fashion shows, cooking competitions and flower arrangement competitions
are held to enliven the commemoration.
There are more stories
behind the commemoration of Kartini Day.
It’s not just merely celebration. Deep beneath the festivity, Kartini Day has
been commemorated to remind us that women and men are supposed to be equal.
Raden Adjeng Kartini
(RA Kartini) was born into a noble family on April 21, 1879 in the village of
Mayong, Java, Indonesia. Living in 19th century, she was the daughter of Assistant of
Head of Regency who was also the descendant of a noble family. During
that period, women’s access to higher education was restricted.
RA Kartini even
experienced the Javanese tradition of “pingitan” , a period when a teenage girl is secluded at home
and her activities are limited, until a man marries her. Kartini spent her
time by reading books she got from
her relatives. She also sent letters
to her Dutch friends, protesting about gender inequality of Javanese traditions
such as forced marriages at a young age and pingitan, which also denied women
the freedom to pursue an education.
She
was married to Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat, the regent of
Rembang, at the age of 24. Kartini had recently been offered a scholarship
to study abroad, but the marriage made her erase her hopes of accepting it.
Even then, at 24 she was too old in Javanese tradition to expect to marry
well.
Fortunately, when she
was intent on spreading her feminist
spirit, her husband supported her to establish a school for Javanese
girls. With help from the Dutch government, in 1903 she opened her first
Indonesian primary school for native girls that did not discriminate based on
their social status. The school taught
girls a progressive, Western-based curriculum. To Kartini, the ideal
education for a young woman encouraged empowerment and enlightenment. She
also promoted their lifelong pursuit of education.
In Indonesia, some
people still think that education is only for men. Many families give this
privilege only for their sons, and not for the daughters. They still have this
mindset that daughters will end up as a housewife, or by the Indonesian popular
saying, they only end up in dapur, sumur, kasur (kitchen, well, bed). They don’t care if these girls are
not educated, as long as they are capable of being a wife and mother at the end
of the day.
As time went on, this
mindset slowly loses its place in people’s mind. More and more modern parents
give freedom to their daughters to get higher education, to be career women,
and pursue their dream. More and more husbands give the freedom to their wives
to explore their potential, not only in the office but also in the field of
entrepreneurship. Are these women not good enough to be wife and mother? NO.
They still know their responsibilities, they still have time to help their
children to do their homework, and they still have time to do domestic chores. We
can conclude that freedom and equality for women do not necessarily make them
forget about their responsibilities.
One thing that we need
to emphasize about the importance of education for women is that mothers are
the first ‘school’ for their children. How the children grow really depends on
how their mothers teach them. That is why education for women is important, as
they need to know what’s best for their children and the best way to educate
their children, especially during the ‘Golden Age’.
The commemoration of
Kartini Day is a good chance for us, women and men, to remind ourselves gender
equality. The festivity of Kartini Day—the fashion shows,
cooking competitions and all the festivities—are a great reminder for us to
keep the women’s spirit alive. We need to always remember that women are great;
women are strong; women are capable.
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